Autonomy of Subnational Party Systems: Comparative Analysis of Federations

This research is based on theories of federalized party systems, second-order elections and nationalization system comparing long-established democratic federations in terms actual autonomy their subnational systems. The study shows that despite obvious prerequisites for (such as federal institutions, different timing elections, freedom to establish regional parties blocs) most have created solidly nationalized Nevertheless, we explore striking differences among the presence strength parties, while our thorough comparative analysis electoral turnout support at levels reveals are very sometimes unique. Also, see theory does not work consistently which point view means decisive role agenda emphasizes national inclined local politics. We conclude development partially autonomous systems biases outcomes depend historical evolution political institutions state rather than create similar patterns across federations.